Person Page 525

Franz Hendrichs

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Agnes Scholl

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Bouchard, IV (of Vendôme)

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Elizabeth le Riche

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Beline, du Château-Landan

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Hughes de Nogent, II

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Henry May

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Katherine

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George Cosford

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Margareta Wills

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Richard Rogers

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Thomas Rogers

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Birth	1580	Thomas Rogers was born in 1580 in Watford, Hertfordshire, England (Tudor), EuropeG.
Marriage	24 October 1597	He and Alice Cosford were married on 24 October 1597 in Watford, Northamptonshire, England (Tudor), EuropeG.
Death	11 January 1621	He died on 11 January 1621 at age ~41 in The Plymouth Colony (West of the Cape Cod Bay), British Colonial America (North America)G+. The cause of his death (at the age of 41) on Monday, January 11th, 1621 is not known-surviving in 1621 was difficult & it occurred in the pre-1776 Plymouth Colony (West of the Cape Cod Bay)
Burial	after 11 January 1621	He was buried after 11 January 1621 at Buried in the cemetery at Burial Hill, which is close to the Coles Hill Burial-groundG+, in The Plymouth Colony (West of the Cape Cod Bay), British Colonial America (North America)G+.

Note		He married Alice in 1597 who was baptized in Watford May 10, 1573 and was a daughter of George and Margaret (née Wills) Cosford. Both he and his wife Alice were named in her father's will in 1608 Between 1598 and 1613 they had six children, all baptized in the parish of Watford, Northamptonshire, England Thomas Rogers. Baptized March 24, 1598 and buried May 27, 1599 Richard Rogers. Baptized March 12, 1599 and buried April 4, 1600 Joseph Rogers. Baptized January 23, 1602 and came to Plymouth on the Mayflower with his father in 1620 He had eight children, most born in Duxbury. A wife "Hannah" is mentioned in his will, but it is not known when they married or if she is simply the mother of his children He died in Nauset, now Eastham, on January 15, 1678, and was buried there in the Old Cove Burial Ground John Rogers. Baptized April 6, 1606 and appeared on the Leiden poll tax list of 1622 He came to Plymouth from Leiden in 1630, possibly with Margaret and Elizabeth, his sisters. Worked as a weaver On the Plymouth tax list for 1633 and the 1643 Able to Bear Arms List for Duxbury he was listed with his brother Joseph He married Anna Churchman in Plymouth on April 16, 1639 and had six children: Abigail, John, Elizabeth, Edward, John, and Hannah He died in Duxbury on August 27, 1691 Elizabeth Rogers. Baptized December 26, 1609. She is listed as "Lysbeth", the Dutch variant of Elizabeth, on the 1622 Leiden poll tax She is believed to have come to New England sometime between 1627 and 1634. Possibly married to Samuel Eddy Margaret Rogers. Baptized May 30, 1613. She is listed as "Grietgen", the Dutch variant of Margaret, on the 1622 Leiden poll tax She is believed to have come to New England sometime between 1627 and 1634 [ Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Rogers_(Mayflower_passenger) ].
Departure	6 September 1620	Thomas Rogers departed for the US from at Mayflower ShipG+ in Southampton, Hampshire, England (Tudor), EuropeG, on or around on 6 September 1620 The departure from England was on the Pilgrim ship, Mayflower; see note at the Departure of William Bradford III1
Arrival	11 November 1620	He arrived in the US at at Within the waters of the Cape Cod Bay, near ProvincetownG, in The Plymouth Colony (West of the Cape Cod Bay), British Colonial America (North America)G+, on or around on 11 November 1620 an actual Immigration event may not be present The trip from England was on the Pilgrim ship, Mayflower; see note at the Arrival of William Bradford III
Historical fact	21 November 1620	He; in The Plymouth Colony (West of the Cape Cod Bay), British Colonial America (North America)G+, on 21 November 1620 Signer of The Mayflower Compact that was made on the Mayflower; see the note at the Historical Fact of William Bradford III

Citations

1. [S1154] Ancestry.com, The Great Migration and The Great Migration Begins, 1620-1635

Margaret Rogers

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John Sherman

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John Howland

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1. [S1330] Myrick_Jessen, John Howland

Emma Revel

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1. [S1330] Myrick_Jessen, John Howland

Jabez Howland

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1. [S1330] Myrick_Jessen, John Howland

John Howland, Jr.

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1. [S1330] Myrick_Jessen, John Howland

Robert Cullen

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Emma Walwyn

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(Husband) Sellick, of Lemby

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Eratosthenes' Cousin, The (father-created) of Godolfr, Don's 66th GGM

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An imaginary snap of my Created person [in People]

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Person Source		Eratosthenes' Cousin, The (father-created) of Godolfr, Don's 66th GGM, had person sources.1
Note		Don imagined a person as a cousin of Eratosthenes [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes ] Don created him several years ago to facilitate the sharing of the existence of the following: a) Londinium, b) each of the Continents, and c) the key date-based European places that exist in the tree Additional places may arrive at a future time ------------------------------------------------- He is connected to Don's tree as a conceptual son of Enos ben Seth, the "Most Ancient of the Actual Ancient People" with an imagined mother, and as an imagined parent of Ms. Godolfr (Don's 66th Great-Grandmother) who is also tagged as a Roman… Don also imagined ( as a convenience ) that the person was born in Londinium of PreRoman England (Britannia); see the person's birth event?
Historical fact	about 1 January 002	He See note for details; in Region of OceaniaG+ about 1 January 002 Don's concept of a Region of Oceania is intended to represent the locations of the global oceans across history Geographers divided this concept into five major oceanic regions: the Atlantic, the Pacific, the Indian Ocean, the Arctic Ocean, and the Southern Ocean View [ https://geology.com/world/ocean-map.shtml ] and [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceania ] ---------------------------------------------------------------- There are also countless numbers of Seas with the oceans… the UK has four Seas: the English Channel to the south part of the Atlantic Ocean; separates the UK from continental Europe the North Sea to the east part of the Atlantic Ocean and bordered by eight European countries, separating the UK from the mainland of north-western Europe the Irish Sea to the west part of the Atlantic Ocean; the Irish Sea separates Ireland from the UK and the Shetland Islands in the north ---------------------------------------------------------------- In ~1812, Conrad Malte-Brun (a French geographer) coined the term "Océanie" which became used because unlike the other continental groupings, it is the *ocean* that links the key parts of the region together: the Bonin Islands (a politically integral part of Japan); Hawaii (a state of the United States); Clipperton Island (a possession of France); the Juan Fernández Islands (belonging to Chile); and Macquarie Island (belonging to Australia)… The United Nations has its own geopolitical definition of Oceania, but this consists of discrete political entities, and so excludes the Bonin Islands, Hawaii, Clipperton Island, and the Juan Fernández Islands, along with Easter Island
Historical fact	about 1 January 003	He See note for details; at Australia/New Zealand/othersG in Region of OceaniaG+ about 1 January 003 The Continent of Australia, officially known today as the Commonwealth of Australia is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands; it is the largest country by area in Oceania and is the world's sixth-largest country [ https://geology.com/world/australia-satellite-image.shtml ] Australia's population of nearly 26 million in an area of 7,617,930 square kilometers (2,941,300 sq mi) is highly urbanized and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard. Canberra is the nation's capital, while the largest city is Sydney, and other major metropolitan areas include Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia ] Continental Creation ----------------------- Although the global ocean was formed when the Earth cooled to below 212 degrees Fahrenheit (perhaps 3.8 billion years ago) allowing the clouds of water to condense into rain, creating the seas, today's continents (as they are known today) are far newer. They were once clustered into a single supercontinent named Pangaea that existed ~225 million years ago at the close of the Paleozoic Era and the start of the Mesozoic Era. Global geography was not dominated by anything like Pangaea prior to this as the Earth's plates had (most likely) clumped up and moved apart before clumping up again--the cycle of clumping and reopening of oceans is called the Wilson Cycle. There are sadly only a few guesses about the continental layout prior to Pangaea because clues from earlier rocks are difficult to decipher--tectonic activity not only totally destroys oceanic crust, but it munches up the continental crust Gondwanaland is another clumping of continents (smaller than Pangaea) occurring at the end of the Mesozoic Era. When Pangaea broke up, the northern continents of North America and Eurasia became separated from the southern continents of Antarctica, India, South America, Australia and Africa. The large northern continent is called Laurasia and the southern continent is called Gondwanaland. Laurasia and Gondwanaland were separated by an ocean called Tethys that no longer exists today. The long direction of Tethys runs east-west rather than north-south like the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans today. That allowed ocean currents to flow all around the Earth in the east-west direction near the equator, causing the Earth's climate to be very different The Ancient Historical Places [ https://cdn.britannica.com/67/73167-050-B9A74092/chart.jpg ] The Paleozoic Era is the earliest part of the Phanerozoic Eon and is where life as we know if began. It was preceded by many ages, from the Hadean Eon (about 4.6 billion years ago--see the online chart?) and passing through the Archean and Proterozoic Eons (where the earliest life arrived), lasting from 541 to 252 million years ago; it is subdivided into six geologic periods: the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian The Cambrian Period lasted 55.6 million years and is unique in its unusually high proportion of lagerstätte sedimentary deposits, sites of exceptional preservation where "soft" parts of organisms are preserved as well as their more resistant shells. As a result, our understanding of the Cambrian biology surpasses that of some later periods. It marked a profound change in all life on Earth; prior to the Cambrian, the majority of living organisms on the whole were small, unicellular and simple; the Precambrian Charnia being exceptional. Complex, multicellular organisms gradually became more common in the millions of years immediately preceding the Cambrian, but it was not until this period that mineralized—hence readily fossilized—organisms became common. The rapid diversification of life forms in the Cambrian (the Cambrian explosion) produced the first representatives of all modern animal phyla. Phylogenetic analysis has supported the view that during the Cambrian radiation, metazoa (animals) evolved monophyletically from a single common ancestor: flagellated colonial protists similar to modern choanoflagellates. Although diverse life forms prospered in the oceans, the land is thought to have been comparatively barren—with nothing more complex than a microbial soil crust and a few mollusks that emerged to browse on the microbial biofilm. Most of the continents were probably dry and rocky due to a lack of vegetation. Shallow seas flanked the margins of several continents created during the breakup of the supercontinent Pannonia. The seas were relatively warm, and polar ice was absent for much of the period [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life ] [ https://donshave.website/djs-online-house/thoughts-of-past-things/history/ ]
Historical fact	about 1 January 004	He See note for details; at Algeria (with the Sahara Desert)/Congo/Sudan and many othersG in Continent of AfricaG, about 1 January 004 The Continent of Africa is the world's 2nd-largest continent and is the second-most-populous (after Asia in both cases) It is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west; it includes Madagascar and various archipelagos, and has 54 countries, 8 territories and 2 de-facto independent states with limited or no recognition. Algeria is Africa's largest country by area, and Nigeria is its largest by population. African nations cooperate through the establishment of the African Union, which is headquartered in Addis Ababa Africa straddles both the equator and the prime meridian making it the only continent in the world to be situated in all four cardinal hemispheres. It is the only continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate zones. The majority of the continent and its countries are in the Northern Hemisphere, with a substantial portion and number of countries in the Southern Hemisphere. Most of the continent lies in the tropics, except for a large part of Western Sahara, Algeria, Libya and Egypt, the northern tip of Mauritania, the entire territories of Morocco, Ceuta, Melilla and Tunisia which in turn are located above the tropic of Cancer, in the northern temperate zone. In the other extreme of the continent, southern Namibia, southern Botswana, great parts of South Africa, the entire territories of Lesotho and Eswatini and the southern tips of Mozambique and Madagascar are located below the tropic of Capricorn, in the southern temperate zone [ https://geology.com/world/cia-africa-map.shtml ] At about 30.3 million sq.km (11.7 million sq.mi) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20% of its land area. With 1.3 billion people as of 2018, it accounts for about 16% of the world's human population. Africa's population is the youngest amongst all the continents; the median age in 2012 was 19.7, when the worldwide median age was 30.4. Despite a wide range of natural resources, Africa is the least wealthy continent per capita, in part due to geographic impediments, legacies of European colonization in Africa and the Cold War, predatory/neo-colonialistic activities by Western nations and China, and undemocratic rule and deleterious policies. Despite this low concentration of wealth, recent economic expansion and the large and young population make Africa an important economic market in the broader global context [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa ]
Historical fact	about 1 January 005	He See note for details; at Russia/China/India/many othersG in Continent of AsiaG about 1 January 005 The Continent of Asia is the largest continent (44,579,000 sq.km/17,212,000 sq.mi, about 30% of Earth's total land area & 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area) and is the most populous with more than 4.5 billion people It is located primarily in the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres, sharing Eurasia with the continent of Europe and Afro-Eurasia [ https://geology.com/world/cia-asia-map.shtml ] The continent, which has long been home to the majority of the human population, was the site of many of the first civilizations; its people are spread across 48 countries (the 2 largest being China and Russia, with India being the most populated country) constitute roughly 60% of the world's population [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population ] Asia became formed in its present state when the core of the Indian subcontinent broke off from the Continent of Africa and began drifting northeastward to collide with the southern flank of Asia about 50 million years ago. The movement of the Indian subcontinent continues at about 2.4 inches (6 cm) per year where the impact and pressure continue to raise the Plateau of Tibet and the Himalayas [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia ]
Historical fact	about 1 January 006	He See note for details; at Canada/USA/Mexico/parts south to the end of ArgentinaG in Continent of North, Central and South AmericaG, about 1 January 006 The Continent of The Americas is a landmass comprising North, Central and South America, making up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere. Along with their associated islands, the Americas cover 8% of Earth's total surface area and 28.4% of its land area The topography is dominated by the American Cordillera, a long chain of mountains that runs the length of the west coast. The flatter eastern side of the Americas is dominated by large river basins, such as the Amazon, St. Lawrence River–Great Lakes basin, Mississippi, and La Plata Since the Americas extend 14,000 km (8,700 mi) from north to south, the climate and ecology vary widely, from the arctic tundra of Northern Canada, Greenland, and Alaska, to the tropical rain forests in Central America and South America [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas ] [ https://geology.com/world/ ] There are 973 million people living 35 sovereign states in the Americas, as well as an autonomous country of Denmark, three overseas departments of France, three overseas collectivities of France (and one uninhabited French territory), eight overseas territories of the United Kingdom, three constituent countries of the Netherlands, three public bodies of the Netherlands, two unincorporated territories of the United States, and one uninhabited territory of the United States [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas#Countries_and_territories ]
Historical fact	about 1 January 007	He See note for details; at The UK/Germany/France and many othersG in Continent of EuropeG about 1 January 007 The Continent of Europe is the 2nd smallest of the world’s continents, composed of the westward-projecting peninsulas of Eurasia (the great landmass that it shares with Asia) and occupying 1/15th of the world’s total land area It is bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the south (west to east) by the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, the Kuma-Manych Depression, and the Caspian Sea; the continent’s eastern boundary runs (north to south) along the Ural Mountains and then roughly southwest along the Emba (Zhem) River, terminating at the northern Caspian coast The present shape of Europe did not finally emerge until about 5 million years ago; the types of rocks, tectonic landforms, and sedimentary basins that developed throughout the geologic history of Europe strongly influence human activities today [ https://geology.com/world/cia-europe-map.shtml ] [ https://www.britannica.com/place/Europe ] The continent has 748 million people (9.8% of the total world population), spread across 44 countries; Russia spans territory in both Europe and Asia with most of Russia's territory belonging to the Asian continent, but most of the country's people reside in Europe [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population ] The British Isles (part of the Continent) are shared by Historical Facts across a list of created historical times in this persons data to show how today's UK was formed
Historical fact	before 043	He See note for details; in PreRoman Wales (Britannia), EuropeG+, before 043 The area of Wales existed for thousands of year before the occupation by Rome in 43AD Not all of that time had seen continuous occupation, as icesheets moved across the north of Europe, but the hunter-gatherers of the Stone Age and the farmers of the Bronze and Iron Ages left a record for modern archaeologists to analyze For many decades, historians assumed that waves of population movement across Europe brought advances to this far-flung north-western corner of Europe but modern DNA studies have shown that technological and physical developments were rather slower Around 225,000 BC, homo sapiens hadn't yet infiltrated Europe, so the human tooth found in the River Elwy valley in North Wales from that time was from an early proto-human, maybe an early Neanderthal. Other, much later, Neanderthal remains have been found at Coygan Cave in Carmarthenshire. These date from about 50,000 BC. The famous 'Red Lady of Paviland' dates from about 26,500 BC and is believed to be the oldest ceremonial burial yet discovered in Europe, but just as a society with burial customs and personal decoration was getting going in Wales, a 6,000-year-long ice age took hold. Archaeologists now know that humans had recolonized Wales in 10,000 BC with a burial in Kendrick's Cave on the Great Orme near Llandudno. Again, this site has evidence of cultural complexity with the discovery of a geometrically-engraved horse's mandible The Mesolithic period of the Stone Age started in Wales at around 7,000 BC; pembrokeshire holds some of the greatest concentrations of Mesolithic material in the UK, but sites can be found across Wales; there are examples of art and decoration, plus wooden structures The Neolithic period from 4000 BC is conventionally the period of organized farming that superseded the hunter-gatherer society. It also marked significant population growth, and a recognizable burial culture. It the first archaeological era to be visible on the surface of the Welsh landscape: chambered tombs such as Bryn Celli Ddu and Barclodiad y Gawres in Anglesey erupt out of the grass. A more subtle effect of the Neolithic period is visible too. Farming necessitated extensive wood clearing, which affected the very look of Wales until the present day. The Neolithic period was an era still very much dependent on stone tools, but the technology was almost perfected. High-standard pottery was also present in Wales at this time. But the advent of metal-working made stone technology redundant From about 2,100 BC the bronze age saw copper seams in the Great Orme mined extensively. Amazing amounts of the metal were extracted from the hill, and made into bronze tools that found their way as far as northern Germany, pointing to the extensive trade links of Wales with the rest of Europe From about 1,250 BC a wetter climate led to much of the uplands of Wales becoming covered by unusable peat and population dispersal. Pressures may well have led to a move towards military defense of good land and the building of hillforts from about 800 BC Llyn Fawr in the Cynon Valley is the site of the discovery of the first iron implements found in Wales, from about 650 BC. Hill forts became more common with Castell Odo on the Lleyn Peninsular being the earliest [ https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/prehistoric01.shtml ]
Historical fact	before 043	He See note for details; in PreRoman Scotland (Britannia), EuropeG+, before 043 Scotland was pre-Roman until ~43 ( although never occupied by the Roman Empire ) where the recorded history of Scotland begins The arrival of the Roman Empire was when the province of Britannia reached as far north as the Antonine Wall. North of this was Caledonia, inhabited by the Picti, whose uprisings forced Rome's legions back to what was known as Hadrian's Wall. As Rome finally withdrew from Britain, Gaelic raiders called the Scoti began colonizing Western Scotland and Wales Prior to Roman times, prehistoric Scotland had entered the Neolithic Era about 4000 BC, the Bronze Age about 2000 BC, and the Iron Age around 700 BC [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Scotland ]
Historical fact	before 043	He See note for details; in PreRoman England (Britannia), EuropeG+, before 043 Pre-Roman Britain existed until 43AD, historically after the Iron Age [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Iron_Age ]
Historical fact	between 043 and 128	He See note for details of the Roman period; in Roman Scotland, EuropeG+, between 043 and 128 Between 43 and ~128, the Roman empire repeatedly attempted to extend their northern border into Scotland After failing to invade a decision was made in 122 to build "a defensive fortification in the Roman province of Britannia" to keep the Scottish people out… Named "Hadrian's Wall" after the Roman Emperor Hadrian (also called the "Roman Wall", "Picts' Wall" or (Latin) "Vallum Hadriani"), it still runs westerly across northern Britannia from the east of Britain on the banks of the River Tyne (near the North Sea) to the Solway Firth on the Irish Sea… the wall is south of the Scottish border, ranging from less than a mile to 68 miles Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall#Construction
Historical fact	between 043 and 490	He See note for details of the Roman period; in Roman England, EuropeG+, between 043 and 490 Between 43 and ~490, the Roman empire extended into Britannia
Historical fact	between 048 and 383	He See note for details of the Roman period; in Roman Wales, EuropeG+, between 048 and 383 Between 48 and 383, the Roman empire extended into Wales
Historical fact	between 129 and 1305	He See note for details of the middle-ages; in Roman Scotland (Hadrian's Wall), EuropeG, between 129 and 1305 The middle-ages of Scotland, part of Anglo-Saxon Britain ( see the England-MiddleAges ) began with the departure of the Romans ( who had remained south of Hadrian's Wall; see PreRoman Scotland ) in ~128 and ran until 1305 [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England ]
Historical fact	between 384 and 1282	He See note for details of the middle-ages; in Wales (MiddleAges part of Anglo-Saxon Britain), EuropeG+, between 384 and 1282 The country of Wales began in the middle-ages ("Dark Ages") after the departure of the Romans in 383 until 1282 It is also part of Anglo-Saxon Britain; see England-MiddleAges [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England ]
Historical fact	between 491 and 1065	He See note for details of the middle-ages; at The Shires of BritainG+ in England (MiddleAges part of Anglo-Saxon Britain), EuropeG+, between 491 and 1065 The timeframe of the various parts of Britain during the England-MiddleAges (the "Dark Ages") ran from ~490 (when the Romans departed) to the Battle of Hastings in 1066, where England became Medieval England The Anglo-Saxons (who created this age) were a Germanic-speaking cultural group (Germanic tribes) who had migrated from nearby northwestern Europe to the southern half of the island of Great Britain; they and their descendants and the indigenous British groups (who adopted many aspects of Anglo-Saxon culture and language) became the group. They established the Kingdom of England; the modern English language owes almost half of its words - including the most common words of everyday speech - to their language The establishment of various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the 5th and 6th centuries (conventionally identified as seven kingdoms: Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex, and Wessex) and their Christianization during the 7th century changed in until 927 when it was united as the Kingdom of England by King Æthelstan…it became part of the short-lived North Sea Empire of Cnut the Great, a personal union between England, Denmark and Norway in the 11th century The threat of Viking invasions and Danish settlers, the gradual unification of England under the Wessex hegemony during the 9th and 10th centuries, ended with the Norman conquest of England by William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England ]
Historical fact	before 589	He See note for details of the Celtic period; in Region of Celtic-Ireland, EuropeG+, before 589 [ data is from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ireland & other research ] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The earliest known evidence of any human presence in the country of Ireland dates back to about 12,500 years ago The subsequent recession of the ice after the Younger Dryas phase of the Quaternary (~9,700 BC) heralded the beginning of Prehistoric Ireland, which included the archaeological periods known as the Mesolithic, the Neolithic from ~4,000 BC, the Copper and Bronze Ages from ~2,300 BC and the Iron Age that began around 600 BC ------------------------------------------------------------------ Early Ireland -------------- Ireland's Bronze Age began with the emergence of "protohistoric" Gaelic Ireland in the 2nd Millennium BC, ending after this with the arrival of the Celtic la Tène culture from central Europe For centuries, early medieval Ireland was composed of numerous independent clan territories & five kingdoms (known as túatha), each ruled by its own king; they often fluctuated in size and power, with the position of High King of Ireland being primarily ceremonial. They were Ulaid (in the north), Connacht (in the west), Laighin (in the southeast), Mumhan (in the south) and Mide (in the center of the country) [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms ] By the late 4th century Christianity had begun to gradually subsume or replace the earlier Celtic polytheism; a distinct Gaelic culture, with its own language, literature, and traditions flourished in Ireland Christianity was adopted there in the 5th century, and it became a major center for learning and monasticism
Historical fact	between 590 and 1534	He See note for details of this age; in Ireland (Celtic), EuropeG+, between 590 and 1534 Medieval Ireland existed from about 590 to 1536, when Henry II's son John was made Lord of Ireland; around the end of the 6th century it had introduced writing along with a predominantly monastic Celtic Christian church, profoundly altering Irish society History of Ireland (400–800) ------------------------------- The early medieval history of Ireland (often called Early Christian Ireland) spans the 5th to 7th centuries, from the gradual emergence out of the protohistoric period (Ogham inscriptions in Primitive Irish, mentions Greco-Roman ethnography) to the beginning of the Viking Age. The period notably includes the Hiberno-Scottish mission of Christianized Ireland to regions of pagan Britain and the spread of Irish cultural influence to Continental Europe Ireland (800–1169) -------------------- This period is from the first Viking raids to the Norman invasion The first two centuries of this period are characterized by Viking raids and the subsequent Norse settlements along the coast. Viking ports were established at Dublin, Wexford, Waterford, Cork and Limerick, which became the first large towns in Ireland Ireland at that time consisted of many semi-independent túatha (see above) and during the entire period attempts were made by various factions to gain political control over the whole of the island. For the first two centuries of this period, this was mainly a rivalry between putative High Kings of Ireland from the northern and southern branches of the Uí Néill. The one who came closest to being de facto King over the whole of Ireland, however, was Brian Boru, the first high King in this period not belonging to the Uí Néill. Following Brian's death at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014, the political situation became more complex with rivalry for high kingship from several clans and dynasties Brian's descendants failed to maintain a unified throne, and regional squabbling over territory led indirectly to the invasion of the Norman's under Richard de Clare in 1169 Ireland (1169–1536) ---------------------- This period is from the arrival of the Cambro-Norman's to the reign of Henry II of England, who made his son, Prince John, the Lord of Ireland after the Anglo-Norman invasion was initiated in 1171. It marked the beginning of English influence and control over parts of Ireland. The Pale began then, where the English eventually established control over a small area around Dublin while the rest of Ireland remained largely independent After the Norman invasions of 1169 and 1171, Ireland was under an alternating level of control from Norman lords and the King of England Previously, Ireland had seen intermittent warfare between provincial kingdoms over the position of High King. This situation was transformed by intervention in these conflicts by Norman mercenaries and later the English crown. After their successful conquest of England, the Norman's turned their attention to Ireland, which was made as a Lordship of the King of England and much of its land was seized by Norman barons. With time, Hiberno-Norman rule shrank to a territory known as the Pale, stretching from Dublin to Dundalk The Hiberno-Norman lords elsewhere in the country became Gaelicised and integrated in Gaelic society [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_in_the_Middle_Ages ] Poynings' Law (in 1494) ensured that the Irish parliament could not meet without the approval of the English monarch and Privy Council Ireland became a more-or-less independent country in 1534 with the Tudor conquest of Ireland
Historical fact	between 1066 and 1485	He See note for details of this age; in England (Medieval), EuropeG+, between 1066 and 1485 Medieval England existed after the Middle-ages of England between 1066 ( caused by the Battle of Hastings ) and 1485 where the reign of the Tudor's began
Historical fact	between 1486 and 1603	He See note for details of this age; in England (Tudor), EuropeG+, between 1486 and 1603 Tudor England (comprising of England and Wales) existed after Medieval England between 1486 and 1603 where the Stuart Era began
Historical fact	between 1541 and 1801	He; in Kingdom of Ireland, EuropeG, between 1541 and 1801 The Tudor Conquest and Beyond ------------------------------------- The Kingdom of Ireland in 1541 was where King Henry VIII declared himself as the King of Ireland, elevating its status from a lordship to a kingdom Tyrone's Rebellion (1594-1603) was a major rebellion led by Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, against English rule, culminating in a defeat at the Siege of Kinsale The Flight of the Earls (1607) was where Tyrone and other Irish leaders left Ireland, marking the end of the old Gaelic order The Plantation of Ulster (1609) was when English and Scottish settlers were brought to Ulster, further altering the demographics and religious landscape of the island The Confederation of 1641 during the English Civil War, Irish Catholics formed the Confederate government, leading to conflict and further displacement The Cromwellian Conquest: Oliver Cromwell's invasion and conquest of Ireland resulted in widespread death and devastation The Acts of Penal Laws: Following the Restoration, the Irish Penal Laws were enacted, severely restricting the rights of Catholics and leading to decades of religious and political conflict The Act of Union (1801) was where Ireland was formally incorporated into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland as a single sovereign state. This union dissolved the Irish Parliament and merged it with the British Parliament at Westminster
Historical fact	between 1604 and 1713	He See note for details of this era; at Stuart EraG+ in England (Tudor), EuropeG+, between 1604 and 1713 The Stuart Era existed between 1604 and 1713; it may not have been a part of Tudor England as further research is pending
Historical fact	between 1635 and 2021	He See note for details of this royal house (which still exists today); at House of HanoverG+ in Region of Germanic Preußen (Prussia), EuropeG, between 1635 and 2021 The House of Hanover ("Haus Hannover" in German) is a German royal house that ruled Hanover, Great Britain, and Ireland at various times during the 17th to 20th centuries. It's members are known as Hanoverians The house originated in 1635 as a cadet branch of the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg, growing in prestige until Hanover became an Electorate in 1692 George I became the first Hanoverian monarch of Great Britain and Ireland in 1714 At Victoria's death in 1901, the throne of the United Kingdom passed to her eldest son Edward VII, a member of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha The last reigning members of the house lost the Duchy of Brunswick in 1918 when Germany became a republic, yet the House still exists
Historical fact	between 1701 and 1800	He See note for details of this period; in Region of the Kingdom of Great Britain, EuropeG+, between 1701 and 1800 The Kingdom of Great Britain was created on May 1st, 1701 as the result of Acts of Union being passed by the parliaments of England and Scotland to ratify the 1706 Treaty of Union and so unite the two kingdoms [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom#History ]
Historical fact	between 1714 and 1836	He See note for details of this house; at Georgian EraG+ in Region of the Kingdom of Great Britain, EuropeG+, between 1714 and 1836 The Georgian Era existed between 1714 and 1836
Historical fact	between 1801 and 1931	He See note for details of this period; in Region of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, EuropeG+, between 1801 and 1931 The place named "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" (abbreviated as "United Kingdom" or "the UK") became official when the parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland each passed an Act of Union in 1801, uniting the two kingdoms; it existed until 1931 when it was changed to today's name, the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" (see the place for details)… Around 4,500 individuals (both living & those from the past) in Don's tree belong here The UK is an island that is located off of the north­western coast of the European mainland and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean: the North Sea to the east, the English Channel to the south, and the Celtic Sea to the southwest… the Irish Sea also separates Great Britain from the island of Ireland It today is a sovereign country that includes: the island of Great Britain (consisting of the countries of England, Wales & Scotland), the north­eastern part of the island of Ireland (Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland), many, many smaller islands [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_Kingdom ] and the 15 Commonwealth countries: [ https://www.royal.uk/commonwealth-and-overseas ] that remain from the British Empire, which held 800 million people at it's peak… [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire ] See [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom#From_the_union_with_Ireland_to_the_end_of_the_First_World_War ]
Historical fact	between 1826 and 1841	He See note for details of this royal house; at House of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and of Saxe-Coburg and GothaG+ in Region of Germanic Preußen (Prussia), EuropeG, between 1826 and 1841 The House of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha relate to British Royalty, notably Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's spouse Dates xxxx-1826 Albert [House Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld] 1826-1841 [House Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]
Historical fact	between 1837 and 1938	He See note for details of this era; at Victorian EraG in Region of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, EuropeG+, between 1837 and 1938 The Victorian Era existed between 1837 and 1938 In 1931 the era was changed to today's name, the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"
Historical fact	between 1917 and 2021	He See note for details of today's royal house; at House of WindsorG in Region of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, EuropeG+, between 1917 and 2021 The House of Windsor ( known today as The Windsor Era ) is today's reigning royal house of the United Kingdom and the other British Commonwealth realms In 1901, the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha succeeded the House of Hanover to the British monarchy with the accession of King Edward VII, son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha In 1917, the name of the royal house was changed from the German Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to the English Windsor (from Windsor Castle) because of anti-German sentiment in the United Kingdom during World War I In 1931 it was changed to today's name, the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"
Historical fact	after 1922	He See note for details of today's period; in Ireland, EuropeG+, after 1922 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland existed until 1922, when the Irish Free State achieved independence, leading to the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Historical fact	after 1931	He See note for details of today's period; in Region of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, EuropeG+, after 1931 Today's name, the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" was created in 1931 after the 1921 disputes within Ireland that led to the partition of the island & its independence in 1931 were resolved Northern Ireland (Irish: Tuaisceart Éireann / Ulster-Scots: Norlin Airlann) is variously described as a country, a province or a region is today a part of the United Kingdom; located in the northeast of the island of Ireland, it shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland Six counties (Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry and Tyrone) and the two local urban county boroughs, Derry (geographically part of the County of Londonderry) and Belfast (geographically split between the counties of Antrim and Down) were split off as N. Ireland in May 3rd, 1921… this was merged into the United Kingdom in 1922 along with England, Scotland and Wales [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_Northern_Ireland ] ----------------------------------------------------------- Around 1,900 people in Don's tree are currently living

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The (mother-created), of Godolfr, Don's 66th GGM

Family

Biography

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Isaac Howland

Parents

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Peregrine White

Biography

Citations

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