| Person Source |
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(Father-Created) of Godolfr is Don's (theoretical) 66th GGM and has a person source1 |
| Note |
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Don created this person several years ago to facilitate the sharing of:
a) Londinium,
b) each of the Continents, and
c) the key date-based European places that exist in the tree
additional places may arrive at a future time
This person is connected to Don’s tree as a son of the "Most Ancient of the Actual Ancient People," Enos ben Seth with an imagined mother,
and as a theoretical parent of Ms. Godolfr, Don's 66th Great-Grandmother (see her above); she is tagged as a Roman…
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| Continental Places |
| Historical fact |
1st |
A conceptual continent named by Don as The Region of Oceania+where the concept represents the global oceans across history
Geographers divided the content into five major oceanic regions:
the Atlantic,
the Pacific,
the Indian Ocean,
the Arctic Ocean, and
the Southern Ocean
[ Ocean Map ]
and
[ Oceania ]
Countless numbers of Seas surround the oceans-UK has four Seas:
the English Channel to the south
part of the Atlantic Ocean; separates the UK from continental Europe
the North Sea to the east
part of the Atlantic Ocean and bordered by eight European countries,
separating the UK from the mainland of north-western Europe
the Irish Sea to the west
part of the Atlantic Ocean; the Irish Sea separates Ireland from the UK
and the seas of the Shetland Islands in the north
In ~1812, Conrad Malte-Brun (a French geographer) coined the term "Océanie" which became used because unlike the other continental groupings, it is the *ocean* that links the key parts of the region together: the Bonin Islands (a politically integral part of Japan); Hawaii (a state of the United States); Clipperton Island (a possession of France); the Juan Fernández Islands (belonging to Chile); and Macquarie Island (belonging to Australia)…
The United Nations has its own geopolitical definition of Oceania, but this consists of discrete political entities, and so excludes the Bonin Islands, Hawaii, Clipperton Island, and the Juan Fernández Islands, along with Easter Island
Continental Creation
The global ocean began forming when the Earth cooled to less than 212 degrees Fahrenheit, perhaps 3.8 billion years ago allowing the water clouds to condense into rain & creating the seas; today's continents (as we know them) are far newer. They were once clustered into a single supercontinent named Pangaea that existed about 225 million years ago at the close of the Paleozoic Era & the start of the Mesozoic Era. Global geography was not dominated by anything like Pangaea prior to this as the Earth's plates had (most likely) clumped up & moved apart before clumping up again—the cycle of clumping & reopening of oceans is known as the Wilson Cycle. There are sadly only a few guesses about the continental layout prior to Pangaea because clues from earlier rocks are difficult to decipher—tectonic activity not only totally destroys oceanic crust, but it munches up the continental crust
Gondwanaland is another clumping of continents that occurred at the end of the Mesozoic Era. When Pangaea broke up, the northern continents of North America & Eurasia became separated from the southern continents of Antarctica, India, South America, Australia and Africa. The large northern continent is called Laurasia and the southern continent is called Gondwanaland. They were separated by an ocean called Tethys that no longer exists; the very long direction of the Tethys ocean ran east-west rather than today's north-south like the Atlantic & Pacific Oceans. That allowed ocean currents to flow all around the Earth in the east-west direction near the equator, causing the Earth's climate to be very different
Some of the Ancient Historical Places
Matrix Chart of the Ancient Places
The Paleozoic Era is the earliest part of the Phanerozoic Eon and is where life as we know it began. It was preceded by many ages, from the Hadean Eon (about 4.6 billion years ago—see the online chart listed above?) and passing through the Archean & Proterozoic Eons (where the earliest life arrived), lasting from 541 to 252 million years ago; it is subdivided into six geologic periods: the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian
The Cambrian Period lasted 55.6 million years & is unique in its unusually high proportion of lagerstätte sedimentary deposits, sites of exceptional preservation where "soft" parts of organisms are preserved as well as their more resistant shells. As a result, our understanding of the Cambrian biology surpasses that of some later periods. It marked a profound change in all life on Earth; prior to the Cambrian, the majority of living organisms on the whole were small, unicellular & simple; the Precambrian Charnia being exceptional. Complex, multicellular organisms gradually became more common in the millions of years immediately preceding the Cambrian, but it was not until this period that mineralized—hence readily fossilized—organisms became common
The rapid diversification of life-forms in the Cambrian (the Cambrian explosion) produced the first representatives of all modern animal phyla. Phylogenetic analysis has supported the view that during the Cambrian radiation, meta zoa (animals) evolved monophyletically from a single common ancestor: flagellated colonial protists. similar to modern choanoflagellates.
Although diverse life forms prospered in the oceans, the land is thought to have been comparatively barren—with nothing more complex than a microbial soil crust & a few mollusks then emerged to browse on the microbial biofilm.
Most of the continents were probably dry & rocky due to a lack of vegetation. Shallow seas flanked the margins of several continents created during the breakup of the supercontinent Pannotia; the seas were relatively warm, and polar ice was absent for much of the period
Timeline and Don's own thoughts of Past Places1
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| Historical fact |
2nd |
The Country of AustraliaG(officially "The Commonwealth of Australia")
is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of Australia, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands;
it is the largest country by area in Oceania & is the world's sixth-largest country
Map of Australia
Australia's population of nearly 26 million in an area of 7,617,930 square kilometers (2,941,300 sq mi) is highly urbanized & heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard. Canberra is the nation's capital, while the largest city is Sydney, and other major metropolitan areas include Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide
Info on Australia
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| Historical fact |
3rd |
The Continent of AfricaG with Algeria, the Sahara Desert & many others
Africa is both the world's 2nd largest continent & the 2nd most populous (after Asia in both cases) and is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Isthmus of Suez & the Red Sea to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast & the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Africa includes Madagascar & various archipelagos, and has 54 countries, 8 territories & 2 de-facto independent states with limited or no recognition. Algeria is Africa's largest country by area, and Nigeria is its largest by population. African nations cooperate through the establishment of the African Union, which is headquartered in Addis Ababa
Africa straddles both the equator & the prime meridian making it the only continent in the world to be situated in all four cardinal hemispheres. It is the only continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate zones. The majority of the continent & its countries are in the Northern Hemisphere, with a substantial portion & number of countries in the Southern Hemisphere. Most of the continent lies in the tropics, except for a large part of Western Sahara, Algeria, Libya and Egypt, the northern tip of Mauritania, the entire territories of Morocco, Ceuta, Melilla and Tunisia which in turn are located above the tropic of Cancer, in the northern temperate zone. In the other extreme of the continent, southern Namibia, southern Botswana, great parts of South Africa, the entire territories of Lesotho & EswatinDon & the southern tips of Mozambique & Madagascar are located below the tropic of Capricorn, in the southern temperate zone
Africa map
At about 30.3 million sq.km (11.7 million sq.mi) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20% of its land area. With 1.3 billion people as of 2018, it accounts for about 16% of the world's human population. Africa's population is the youngest amongst all the continents; the median age in 2012 was 19.7, when the worldwide median age was 30.4. Despite a wide range of natural resources, Africa is the least wealthy continent per capita, in part due to geographic impediments, legacies of European colonization in Africa & the Cold War, predatory/neo-colonialistic activities by Western nations & China, and undemocratic rule and deleterious policies. Despite this low concentration of wealth, recent economic expansion & the large & young population make Africa an important economic market in the broader global context
Info on Africa1 |
| Historical fact |
4th |
The Continent of AsiaG with Russia, China, India & many others
Asia is the largest continent (44,579,000 sq.km/17,212,000 sq.mi, about 30% of Earth's total land area & 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area) and is the most populous with more than 4.5 billion people
It is located primarily in the Eastern & Northern Hemispheres, sharing Eurasia with the continent of Europe & Afro-Eurasia
Asia map
The continent, which has long been the home of the majority of the human population and held the location of the first civilization (scroll down to “The Younger Dryas”), where the ancient Sumerian people of Mesopotamia started to appear around 4,500 BC, building cities. Today, its people are spread across 48 countries
(the 2 largest being China & Russia, with India being the most populated country)
that constitute roughly 60% of the world's population
World population
Asia became formed in its present state when the core of the Indian subcontinent broke off from the Continent of Africa & began drifting northeastward to collide with the southern flank of Asia about 50 million years ago. The movement of the Indian subcontinent continues at about 2.4 inches (6 cm) per year where the impact & pressure continue to raise the Plateau of Tibet & the Himalayas
Info on Asia1 |
| Historical fact |
5th |
The Continent of The AmericasG with Canada to the north, USA, Mexico & parts continuing south to the end of Argentina
The Americas is a huge landmass comprising North & South America, making up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere. Along with their associated islands, the Americas cover 8% of Earth's total surface area/28.4% of its land area
The topography is dominated by the American Cordillera, a long chain of mountains that runs the length of the west coast. The flatter eastern side of the Americas is dominated by large river basins, such as the Amazon, St. Lawrence River–Great Lakes basin, Mississippi, and La Plata
Since the Americas extend 14,000 km (8,700 mi) from north to south, the climate & ecology vary widely, from the arctic tundra of Northern Canada, Greenland, and Alaska, to the tropical rain forests in Central America & South America
The Americas and A map of the World
Today, there are around 970 million people in the 35 sovereign states that comprise the Americas, as well as an autonomous country that belongs to Denmark, three overseas departments of France, three overseas collectivizes of France (and one uninhabited French territory), eight overseas territories of the United Kingdom, three constituent countries of the Netherlands, three public bodies of the Netherlands, two unincorporated territories of the United States, and one uninhabited territory of the United States… pretty busy!!
US Countries & Territories1 |
| Historical fact |
6th |
Finally, the Continent of EuropeG with the UK, Germany, France & many others
Europe is the second smallest of the world’s continents, composed of the westward-projecting peninsulas of Eurasia (the great landmass that it shares with Asia) and occupying 1/15th of the world’s total land area
It is bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the south (west to east) by the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, the Kuma-Manych Depression, and the Caspian Sea; the continent’s eastern boundary runs (north to south) along the Ural Mountains & then roughly southwest along the Emba (Zhem) River, terminating at the northern Caspian coast
The present shape of the European continent emerged about 5 million years ago; the types of rocks, tectonic landforms, & sedimentary basins that developed throughout the geologic history of Europe strongly influenced today's human activities. The term "Europe" was first used in the 9th century by Emperor Charlemagne as part of the Carolingian Renaissance to designate the sphere of influence of the Western Church, as opposed to both the Eastern Orthodox churches & the Islamic world
Early Europe, a Map of Europe and Europe Info
The European continent today has ~750 million people (9.8% of the total world population), spread across 44 countries; Russia spans territory in both Europe & Asia with most of Russia's territory belonging to the Asian continent, but most of the country's people reside in Europe
World population1 |
| Key date-based European Places |
Key Historical Facts are presented in this section for the British Isles (a part of the Continent of Europe) to show how today's UK was formed
First, the PreRoman places… |
| Historical fact | before 43 AD | PreRoman England (Britannia)G existed until 43 AD when the Romans arrived, historically beginning after the Iron age1 |
| Historical fact | before 43 AD | PreRoman WalesG is the area of western British Isles that existed for thousands of years prior to the arrival of the Romans in 43 AD. Not all of that time had seen continuous occupation, as ice sheets repeatedly moved across the north of Europe, but the hunter-gatherers of the Stone Age & the farmers of the Bronze & Iron Ages left a record for modern archaeologists to analyze
For many decades, historians assumed that the waves of population movement across Europe brought advances to this far-flung north-western corner of Europe, but modern DNA studies have shown that technological & physical developments were rather slower
Around 225,000 BC, homo sapiens hadn't yet infiltrated Europe, so the human tooth found in the River Elwy valley in North Wales from that time was from an early proto-human, maybe an early Neanderthal. Other, much later Neanderthal remains have been found at Coygan Cave in Carmarthenshire, dating from about 50,000 BC.
The famous 'Red Lady of Paviland' dates from about 26,500 BC & is believed to be the oldest ceremonial burial yet discovered in Europe, but just as a society with burial customs & personal decoration was getting going in Wales, a 6,000-year-long ice age took hold.
Archaeologists now know that humans had recolonized Wales in 10,000 BC with a burial in Kendrick's Cave on the Great Orme near Llandudno. Again, this site has evidence of cultural complexity with the discovery of a geometrically-engraved horse's mandible
The Mesolithic period of the Stone Age started in Wales around 7,000 BC; Pembrokeshire holds some of the greatest concentrations of Mesolithic material in the UK, but sites can be found across Wales; there are examples of art & decoration, plus wooden structures
The Neolithic period from 4,000 BC is conventionally the period of organized farming that superseded the hunter-gatherer society that also marked significant population growth and a recognizable burial culture. It was the first archaeological era to be visible on the surface of the Welsh landscape: chambered tombs such as Bryn CellDon Ddu & Barclodiad y Gawres in Anglesey erupt out of the grass. A more subtle effect of the Neolithic period is visible too: farming necessitated extensive wood clearing, which affected the very look of Wales until the present day.
The Neolithic period was an era that was very much dependent on stone tools, but the technology was almost perfected where high-standard pottery was also present in Wales at this time; the advent of metal-working made stone technology redundant
From about 2,100 BC the Bronze Age saw copper seams in the Great Orme mined extensively. Amazing amounts of the metal were extracted from the hill & made into bronze tools that found their way as far as northern Germany, pointing to the extensive trade links of Wales with the rest of Europe
From about 1,250 BC a wetter climate led to much of the uplands of Wales becoming covered by unusable peat & population dispersal. Pressures may well have led to a move towards military defense of good land & the building of hill forts from about 800 BC
Llyn Fawr in the Cynon Valley is the site of the discovery of the first iron implements found in Wales, from about 650 BC. Hill forts became more common with Castell Odo on the Lleyn Peninsular being the earliest
Info on Ancient Wales1 |
| Historical fact | before 43 AD | PreRoman ScotlandG is in the north of the British Isles
PreRoman Scotland existed until 43 AD where the recorded history of Scotland began. The arrival of the Roman Empire was when the province of Britannia reached as far north as the Antonine Wall; north of this was Caledonia, inhabited by the Picti, whose uprisings forced Rome's legions back to what was known as Hadrian's Wall. As Rome finally withdrew from Britain, Gaelic raiders called the ScotDon began colonizing Western Scotland & Wales
Prior to Roman times, prehistoric Scotland had entered the Neolithic Era about 4,000 BC, the Bronze Age about 2,000 BC, and the Iron Age around 700 BC
Info on Scotland1 |
| Roman Places |
| Historical fact | between 044 and 490 | In Roman England the Roman empire extended into Britannia1 |
| Historical fact | between 048 and 383 | In Roman Wales the Roman empire extended into Wales1 |
| Historical fact | between 044 and 490 | In Roman Scotland the Roman empire repeatedly attempted to extend their northern border into Scotland
After failing to invade them, a decision was made in 122 to build a "defensive fortification in the Roman province of Britannia" to keep the Scottish people out… named "Hadrian's Wall" after the Roman Emperor Hadrian (also called the "Roman Wall", "Picts' Wall" or (Latin) "Vallum Hadriani"), it runs westerly across northern Britannia from the east of Britain on the banks of the River Tyne (near the North Sea) to the Solway Firth on the Irish Sea… the wall is south of the Scottish border, ranging from less than a mile to 68 miles1 |
| Places of the Middle Ages |
| Historical fact | between 491 and 1065 | The Shires of Britain in the England-MiddleAges held various parts of Britain in the "Dark Ages" which ran from ~490 (when the Romans departed) to the Battle of Hastings in 1066, where England became Medieval England
The Anglo-Saxons (who created this age) were a Germanic-speaking cultural group (Germanic tribes) who had migrated from nearby northwestern Europe to the southern half of the island of Great Britain; they & their descendants & the indigenous British groups (who adopted many aspects of Anglo-Saxon culture & language) became the group. They established the Kingdom of England; the modern English language owes almost half of its words—including the most common words of everyday speech—to their language
The establishment of various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the 5th & 6th centuries (conventionally identified as seven kingdoms: Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex, and Wessex) & their Christianization during the 7th century changed in 927 when the kingdoms were united as the Kingdom of England by King Æthelstan…
It then became a part of the short-lived North Sea Empire of Cnut the Great, a personal union between England, Denmark & Norway in the 11th century
The Viking invasions, Danish settlers and the gradual unification of England under the Wessex hegemony (during the 9th & 10th centuries) ended with the Norman conquest of England by William the Conqueror at the Battle of Hastings in 1066
History1 |
| Historical fact | between 384 and 1282 | Wales-MiddleAges, a part of Anglo-Saxon Britain was in the "Dark Ages" after the departure of the Romans in 383 until 12821 |
| Historical fact | between 491 and 1305 | Scotland-MiddleAges, a part of Anglo-Saxon Britain began with the departure of the Romans (who had remained south of Hadrian's Wall; see PreRoman Scotland) in ~490 & ran until 13051 |
| Historical fact | before 589 | Evidence of human presence has been found in the Region of Celtic-IrelandG from about 12,500 years ago
The receding of the ice around 9,700 BC (after the Younger Dryas cold phase of the Quaternary period) heralds the beginning of Prehistoric Ireland, which includes the archaeological periods of the Mesolithic, the Neolithic from about 4,000 BC, the Copper & Bronze Ages from about 2,300 BC & the Iron Age beginning about 600 BC
Ireland's Bronze Age began with the emergence of "protohistoric" Gaelic Ireland & ends with the arrival of Celtic la Tène culture by central Europe
By the late 4th century AD Christianity had begun to gradually subsume or replace the earlier Celtic polytheism. By the end of the 6th century it had introduced writing along with a predominantly monastic Celtic Christian church, profoundly altering Irish society
History1 |
| Medieval Places |
| Historical fact | between 590 and 1534 | Medieval Ireland existed from about 590 to 1536, when Henry II's son John was made Lord of Ireland
History of Ireland (400-800)
The early medieval history of Ireland (often called Early Christian Ireland) spans the 5th to 7th centuries, from the gradual emergence out of the protohistoric period (Ogham inscriptions in Primitive Irish, mentions Greco-Roman ethnography) to the beginning of the Viking Age. The period notably includes the Hiberno-Scottish mission of Christianized Ireland to regions of pagan Britain & the spread of Irish cultural influence to Continental Europe
History of Ireland (800-1169)
This period is from the first Viking raids to the Norman invasion. The first two centuries of this period are characterized by Viking raids & the subsequent Norse settlements along the coast. Viking ports were established at Dublin, Wexford, Waterford, Cork & Limerick, which became the first large towns in Ireland. Ireland at that time consisted of many semi-independent túatha & during the entire period, attempts were made by various factions to gain political control over the whole of the island. For the first two centuries of this period, this was mainly a rivalry between putative High Kings of Ireland from the northern & southern branches of the Uí Néill. The one who came closest to being de facto king over the whole of Ireland, however, was Brian Boru, the first high king in this period not belonging to the Uí Néill. Following Brian's death at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014, the political situation became more complex with rivalry for high kingship from several clans & dynasties. Brian's descendants failed to maintain a unified throne, and regional squabbling over territory led indirectly to the invasion of the Norman's under Richard de Clare in 1169
History of Ireland (1169-1536)
This period is from the arrival of the Cambro-Norman's to the reign of Henry IDon of England, who made his son, Prince John, Lord of Ireland. After the Norman invasions of 1169 and 1171, Ireland was under an alternating level of control from Norman lords & the King of England. Previously, Ireland had seen intermittent warfare between provincial kingdoms over the position of High King. This situation was transformed by intervention in these conflicts by Norman mercenaries & later the English crown. After their successful conquest of England, the Norman's turned their attention to Ireland. Ireland was made a Lordship of the King of England & much of its land was seized by Norman barons. With time, Hiberno-Norman rule shrank to a territory known as the Pale, stretching from Dublin to Dundalk. The Hiberno-Norman lords elsewhere in the country became Gaelicised & integrated in Gaelic society
Ireland1 |
| Historical fact | between 1066 and 1485 | Medieval England existed after the England-Middle ages between 1066 (caused by the Battle of Hastings) and 1485 where the reign of the Tudor's began1 |
| Tudor Places |
| Historical fact | between 1486 and 1603 | Tudor England (comprising England & Wales) existed after Medieval England between 1486 and 1603 where the Stuart Era began1 |
| Historical fact | between 1604 and 1713 | The Stuart Era of Tudor England existed between 1604 and 1713 and may not have been a part of Tudor England; further research is pending1 |
| Historical fact | between 1635 and today | The Royal House of Hanover ("Haus Hannover" in German) was in the Region of Germanic Preußen (Prussia) as a German royal house that ruled Hanover, Great Britain, and Ireland at various times during the 17th to 20th centuries; it's members are known as Hanoverians
The house originated in 1635 as a cadet branch of the House of Brunswick-Lüneburg, growing in prestige until Hanover became an Electorate in 1692; George Don became the first Hanoverian monarch of Great Britain & Ireland in 1714
The last reigning members of the house lost the Duchy of Brunswick in 1918 when Germany became a republic, yet the House continues to exist as of this writing1 |
| The Kingdom of Great Britain |
| Historical fact | between 1701 and 1800 | The Kingdom of Great Britain was created on May 1st, 1701 as the result of the Acts of Union being passed by the parliaments of both England & Scotland to ratify the 1706 Treaty of Union and so unite the two kingdoms
History1 |
| Historical fact | between 1714 and 1836 | The Royal House of the Georgian Era was in the Kingdom of Great Britain and existed between 1714 and 18361 |
| The United Kingdom of Great Britain |
| Historical fact | between 1801 and 1931 | The Region of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland was named the "United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland" (abbreviated as "United Kingdom" & known as "the UK"); around 4,500 individuals in Don's tree belong here
The UK is a collection of islands, located off of the northwestern coast of the European mainland & is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean: the North Sea to the east, the English Channel to the south, and the Celtic Sea to the southwest… the Irish Sea also separates Great Britain from the island of Ireland
It is a sovereign country that includes the islands of Great Britain & the northeastern part of the Ireland (Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland) with many, many smaller islands
The Union of the UK began in 1801 when the parliaments of Great Britain & Ireland each passed an Act of Union, uniting the two kingdoms at that time & creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland. As of this writing, the UK has 15 Commonwealth Realms that remain from the once mighty British Empire, which held 800 million people at it's peak…1 |
| Historical fact | between 1826 and 1841 | The House of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld & of Saxe-Coburg & Gotha is in the Region of Germanic Preußen (Prussia) and relates to British Royalty, notably Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's spouse
Dates:
1819-1826 Albert’s birth [House Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld]
1826-1840 ended with their marriage [House Saxe-Coburg & Gotha]1 |
| Historical fact | between 1837 and 1901 | The Victorian Era was in the Region of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland, and came into existence with the marriage of Queen Victoria & Prince Albert in 1837 and existed until her death in 19011 |
| Historical fact | between 1901 and 1914 | The Edwardian Era was in the Region of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland, and came into existence with the coronation of King Edward, ending with his death in 1910; the era was extended into the start of WW11 |
| Historical fact | between 1914 and today | Two world-wide wars were fought in the prior millennium, one starting in 1914 and the other in 1939;
while most of us today have deeply-held wishes that there will never, ever be another global war, there are sadly many, many current concerns…
the Middle-eastern countries that surround Israel are both under attack and may be preparing for WWIII
The House of Windsor in the Region of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland (the Windsor Era) came into being when the British name of Windsor (from the Windsor Castle) was adopted as the British Royal Family's official name by a proclamation of King George V in 1917, replacing the historic Germanic name of the House of Saxe-Coburg & Gotha because of anti-German sentiment in the United Kingdom during World War I
The name remains as the reigning royal house of the United Kingdom & the other Commonwealth realms1 |
| Historical fact | between 1931 and today | The Region of the United Kingdom of Great Britain & Ireland was created in 1931 after the 1921 disputes within Ireland led to the partition of the island & its independence in 1931
Around 1,900 people in Don's family tree are today living all around the world in this period1 |