See more details in the note in the Region of Greater London, England, United Kingdom Tudor London existed from the end of the Medieval period in 1486 until the death of Queen Elizabeth I ("Gloriana") in 1603, which also ended the "Golden Age" which had represented the apogee of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of poetry, etc… Elizabeth's final two decades also saw many mounting problems that were left for the Stuart's to solve after her death. The 1585 to 1603 period is recognised by scholars as distinctly more troubled than the first half of her long reign. Costly wars against Spain and the Irish, involvement in the Netherlands, socio-economic distress, and an authoritarian turn by the regime all cast a pall over her final years, underpinning a weariness with the queen's rule and open criticism of her government and its failures She remained a strong leader, but almost all of her earlier advisers had died or retired: > Robert Cecil (1563–1612) took over the role of leading advisor long held by his father Lord Burghley > Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex (1567–1601) was her most prominent general, a role previously held by his stepfather > Robert Dudley, who was the love of Elizabeth's life > and the adventurer/historian Sir Walter Raleigh (1552–1618) who was a new face on the scene Three of the men formed a triangle of interlocking and opposing forces that was hard to break into. The first vacancy came in 1601, when Devereux was executed for attempting to take the Queen prisoner and seize power After Elizabeth died the new king kept Cecil as his chief advisor, and beheaded Raleigh